role of endogenous vitamin e in renal ischemic preconditioning process: differences between male and female rats

background: antioxidants such as α-tocopherol (vitamin e) and β-carotene (vitamin a) play an important role in protective effect of repeated brief periods of ischemia, namely ischemic preconditioning (ipc). values of these antioxidants were investigated and compared after induction of ischemia reperfusion (ir) and kidney ipc in both male and female rats. methods: forty eight wistar rats were divided randomly into six groups of 8: groups a and b (male and female controls, respectively), group c (male ir or ir cases), group d (female ir cases) and groups e and f (male and female ipc cases, respectively). in groups c and d, ischemia was induced by clamping of left renal arteries for 45 min. in groups e and f, rats underwent four cycles of 4 min of arterial clamping and 11 min of de-clamping before final 45 min ischemia induction. afterward, serum was collected to assess the blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and vitamins e and a values. renal tissues were obtained for histological assessments. results: α-tocopherol levels in male and female rats showed a significant increase in ipc compared with ir group (p<0.01) and also in female ipc compared with male ipc group. β-carotene levels had no significant variations. histological evaluation showed that ir-induced renal injuries were less in female rats. also, protective effects of ipc were more in female rats (p<0.01). conclusions: renal ipc reduced damages in both male and female rats, but tissue injuries in females were decreased much more along with the increase of endogenous vitamin e.